The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was a landmark study of the psychological effects of perceived power. Specifically, the study focused on the power struggle. Their defense often was based on . Milgram devised the experiment to answer the question: Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices? Milgram selected participants for his experiment by newspaper advertising for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University. The learner (a confederate called Mr. Wallace) was taken into a room and had electrodes attached to his arms, and the teacher and researcher went into a room next door that contained an electric shock generator and a row of switches marked from 1. Slight Shock) to 3. Danger: Severe Shock) to 4. XXX). Milgram's Experiment. Aim: Milgram (1. 96. They were paid $4. At the beginning of the experiment they were introduced to another participant, who was actually a confederate of the experimenter (Milgram). Welcome to the official Stanford Prison Experiment website, which features extensive information about a classic psychology experiment that inspired an award-winning.
Home of The Getting Naked Movement and the book that started it all. A 24/7 community to help the world find happiness in love, and life. Een experiment of proef is een zorgvuldig opgezette en nauwkeurige observatie van een stukje werkelijkheid dat kan worden uitgevoerd om een wetenschappelijke. A showcase of web experiments written by the creative coding community. The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. Dr Quantum - Double Slit Experiment This clip is from: 'What The Bleep Do We Know!?: Down The Rabbit Hole' and is used for educational purposes. There was also an “experimenter” dressed in a grey lab coat, played by an actor (not Milgram). Two rooms in the Yale Interaction Laboratory were used - one for the learner (with an electric chair) and another for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator. The “learner” (Mr. Wallace) was strapped to a chair with electrodes. After he has learned a list of word pairs given him to learn, the . There were 3. 0 switches on the shock generator marked from 1. The learner gave mainly wrong answers (on purpose) and for each of these the teacher gave him an electric shock. When the teacher refused to administer a shock the experimenter was to give a series of orders / prods to ensure they continued. There were 4 prods and if one was not obeyed then the experimenter (Mr. Williams) read out the next prod, and so on. Prod 1: Please continue. Prod 2: The experiment requires you to continue. Prod 3: It is absolutely essential that you continue. Prod 4: You have no other choice but to continue. Results: 6. 5% (two- thirds) of participants (i. All the participants continued to 3. Milgram did more than one experiment – he carried out 1. People tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and / or legally based. This response to legitimate authority is learned in a variety of situations, for example in the family, school and workplace. Milgram summed up in the article “The Perils of Obedience” (Milgram 1. The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous import, but they say very little about how most people behave in concrete situations. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation.'Milgrams' Agency Theory. Milgram (1. 97. 4) explained the behavior of his participants by suggesting that people actually have two states of behavior when they are in a social situation: The autonomous state . In other words, they act as agents for another person. That is, they are seen as legitimate. The person being ordered about is able to believe that the authority will accept responsibility for what happens. Agency theory says that people will obey an authority when they believe that the authority will take responsibility for the consequences of their actions. This is supported by some aspects of Milgram. For example, when participants were reminded that they had responsibility for their own actions, almost none of them were prepared to obey. In contrast, many participants who were refusing to go on did so if the experimenter said that he would take responsibility. Milgram Experiment Variations. The Milgram experiment was carried out many times whereby Milgram varied the basic procedure (changed the IV). Obedience was measured by how many participants shocked to the maximum 4. In total 6. 36 participants have been tested in 1. Uniform. In the original baseline study . Milgram carried out a variation in which the experimenter was called away because of a phone call right at the start of the procedure. The role of the experimenter was then taken over by an . The obedience level dropped to 2. Change of Location. The experiment was moved to a set of run down offices rather than the impressive Yale University. This suggests that status of location effects obedience. Two Teacher Condition. When participants could instruct an assistant (confederate) to press the switches, 9. When there is less personal responsibility obedience increases. This relates to Milgram's Agency Theory. Touch Proximity Condition. The teacher had to force the learner's hand down onto a shock plate when they refuse to participate after 1. The participant is no longer buffered / protected from seeing the consequences of their actions. Social Support Condition. Two other participants (confederates) were also teachers but refused to obey. Confederate 1 stopped at 1. The presence of others who are seen to disobey the authority figure reduces the level of obedience to 1. Absent Experimenter Condition. It is easier to resist the orders from an authority figure if they are not close by. When the experimenter instructed and prompted the teacher by telephone from another room, obedience fell to 2. Many participants cheated and missed out shocks or gave less voltage than ordered to by the experimenter. Proximity of authority figure effects obedience. Critical Evaluation. The Milgram studies were conducted in laboratory type conditions and we must ask if this tells us much about real- life situations. We obey in a variety of real- life situations that are far more subtle than instructions to give people electric shocks, and it would be interesting to see what factors operate in everyday obedience. The sort of situation Milgram investigated would be more suited to a military context. Do the findings transfer to females? This is because they became participants only by electing to respond to a newspaper advertisement (selecting themselves). They may also have a typical . However, Smith & Bond (1. Jordan (Shanab & Yahya, 1. Western cultures and we should be cautious before we conclude that a universal trait of social behavior has been identified. Ethical Issues. Deception – the participants actually believed they were shocking a real person, and were unaware the learner was a confederate of Milgram's. However, Milgram argued that . Apparently 8. 3. 7% said that they were . Many of the participants were visibly distressed. Signs of tension included trembling, sweating, stuttering, laughing nervously, biting lips and digging fingernails into palms of hands. Three participants had uncontrollable seizures, and many pleaded to be allowed to stop the experiment. In his defence, Milgram argued that these effects were only short term. Once the participants were debriefed (and could see the confederate was OK) their stress levels decreased. Milgram also interviewed the participants one year after the event and concluded that most were happy that they had taken part. However, Milgram did debrief the participants fully after the experiment and also followed up after a period of time to ensure that they came to no harm. Milgram debriefed all his participants straight after the experiment and disclosed the true nature of the experiment. Participants were assured that their behaviour was common and Milgram also followed the sample up a year later and found that there were no signs of any long term psychological harm. In fact the majority of the participants (8. Right to Withdrawal - The BPS states that researchers should make it plain to participants that they are free to withdraw at any time (regardless of payment). Did Milgram give participants an opportunity to withdraw? The experimenter gave four verbal prods which essentially discouraged withdrawal from the experiment: Please continue. The experiment requires that you continue. It is absolutely essential that you continue. You have no other choice, you must go on. Milgram argued that they are justified as the study was about obedience so orders were necessary. Milgram pointed out that although the right to withdraw was made partially difficult it was possible as 3. Milgram (1. 96. 3) Audio Clips Below you can also hear some of the audio clips taken from the video that was made of the experiment. Just click on the clips below. Then press play and sit back and listen! Clip 1: This is a long audio clip of the 3rd participant administering shocks to the confederate. You can hear the confederate's pleas to be released and the experimenter's instructions to continue. Clip 2: A short clip of the confederate refusing to continue with the experiment. Clip 3: The confederate begins to complain of heart trouble. Clip 4: Listen to the confederate get a shock: . Let me out, let me out, let me out. Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 6. Milgram, S. Obedience to authority: An experimental view. On the ecological validity of laboratory deceptions. International Journal of Psychiatry, 6(4), 2. Shanab, M. A cross- cultural study of obedience. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. Smith, P. Social psychology across cultures (2nd Edition). Prentice Hall. How to cite this article: Mc. Leod, S. The Milgram Experiment. Retrieved from www.
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